On August 29, 1842, the Treaty of Nanjing was signed to conclude the First Opium War (1839–42) between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and China’s Qing Dynasty. It was the first of the so-called “unequal treaties” with China, so named because Britain had no responsibilities in return. It was signed after China’s military loss in the war, with delegates from the British and Qing Empires negotiating aboard the HMS Cornwallis, which was docked in Nanjing.
I.-Lasting peace between the two nations.
II.-The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shangai to be opened to British trade and residence, and trade conducted according to a well-understood tariff.
III.-It being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port where they may careen and refit their ships when required, in the island of Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty.
IV.-Six millions of dollars to be paid as the value of the opium which was delivered up as ransom for the lives of H.N.M. Superintendent and subjects, in March, 1839.
V.-Three millions of dollars to be paid for the debts due to British merchants.
VI.-Twelve millions to be paid for the expenses incurred in the expedition sent out to obtain redress for the violent and unjust proceedings of the Chinese high authorities.
VII.-The entire amount of $21,000,000 to be paid before December 31, 1845.
VIII.-All prisoners of war to be immediately released by the Chinese.
IX.-The Emperor to grant full and entire amnesty to those of his subjects who had aided the British.
X.-A regular and fair tariff of export and import custom and other dues to be established at the open ports, and a transit duty to be levied in addition which will give goods a free conveyance to all places in China.
XI.-Official correspondence to be hereafter conducted on terms of equality according to the payments of money.
XII.-Conditions for restoring the places held by British troops to be according to the payments of money.
XIII.-Time of exchanging ratifications and carrying the treaty into effect.
Answer:
Lasting peace between the two nations.(I)
All prisoners of war to be immediately released by the Chinese.(VIII)
Answer:
Lasting peace between the two nations.( I)
The ports of Canton, Amoy, Fuchau, Ningpo, and Shanghai to be opened to British trade and residence, and trade conducted according to a well-understood tariff. ( II )
It being obviously necessary and desirable that British subjects should have some port whereat they may careen and refit their ships when required,î the island of Hong Kong to be ceded to her Majesty. ( III )
The entire amount of $21,000,000 to be paid before December 31, 1845. ( VII )
A regular and fair tariff of export and import custom and other dues to be established at the open ports, and a transit duty to be levied in addition which will give goods a free conveyance to all places in China.( X)
Government: The United Kingdom benefited from the lack of domestic trade obstacles. This implies that products and commodities might flow freely from one part of the UK to another.
Britain desired to increase its imperial influence and sell more commodities, particularly opium, which the Chinese attempted to prohibit but which the British sold or smuggled in anyway. To put it another way, it was a case of British economic and imperialist avarice attempting to push opium on the Chinese.
Peace talks moved fast, culminating in the signing of the Treaty of Nanjing on August 29. Its stipulations required China to pay a hefty indemnity to the United Kingdom, hand over Hong Kong Island to the British, and raise the number of treaty ports where the British may trade and dwell from one (Canton) to five.
These treaties established a new framework for China’s foreign relations and international commerce that would endure almost a century and marked the beginning of what subsequent nationalists dubbed China’s “century of humiliation.” The most harmful clauses, in the eyes of contemporary Chinese nationalists, were the set trade conditions…
https://bowie1983book.com/ will answer how many conditions were favorable to the chinese? how many conditions were favorable to the british?